![]() Norovirus activity-United States, 2006–2007. Accessed March 2008.Ĭenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Health information for international travel, 2005–2006. Prevention of specific infectious diseases: hepatitis, viral, type A. Food and Drug Administration.Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A realtime RT-PCR protocol for the simultaneous detection of norovirus and enterovirus. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms in estuarine waters. Journal of Infectious Disease, 183, 413–421.īurkhardt III, W., Calci, K. Molecular and epidemiologic trends of Calicivirus associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000–2004. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 1925–1931.īlanton, L. Norwalk-live virus sequences in mineral waters: one year monitoring of three brands. Journal of Infectious Disease, 181, S336–S348.īeuret, C., Kohler, D., Baumgartner, A., & Luthi, T. Genetic classification of Norwalk-like viruses. This investigation provides an overview of the occurrence and distribution of NoV and HAV in U.S. The seasonal occurrence of viruses in this study corresponded to the reported incidence of shellfish-associated viral illnesses. HAV was detected at a higher frequency in shellfish harvested from the Gulf Coast and also predominated during cooler months. The incidence of NoV in oysters harvested from Atlantic Coast states was higher than that in oysters from other regions and its occurrence was greatest during the cooler months (December to February). HAV sequences from the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) of the genome were from genotypes I, II, or III. ![]() ![]() The GII.4 strain showed ≥98% similarity with 2006–2007 circulating strains, Minerva and Laurens. Sequencing identified genotypes II.4, II.3, and II.7. NoV genogroups I and II were detected, with genogroup II predominating. NoV and HAV were detected in 3.9 and 4.4%, respectively. Samples were analyzed to determine the occurrence and levels of NoV and HAV using RT-qPCR and conventional RT-PCR. This study determined the seasonal and geographical distribution of NoV (genogroups I and II) and HAV in live U.S. Noroviruses (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the leading causes of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in shellfish consumers worldwide. ![]()
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